Thomas Heide Clausen, cand.polyt, PhD
Professor
A graduate of Aalborg University, Denmark (M.Sc., PhD – civilingeniør, cand.polyt), Thomas spent a number of years at INRIA where he, among other things, developed and standardised OLSR – the predominant routing protocol for community, mesh, and tactical networks.
In 2004 he joined faculty at Ecole Polytechnique, France’s premiere technical and scientific university, where he is currently a professor. He leads the computer networking research group, and enjoys working with with some of France’s best students.
Thomas has developed, and coordinates, the computer networking curriculum at Ecole Polytechnique, teaches several core classes therein. He’s the academic director of the elite and multidisciplinary Master of Science and Technology programme “IoT: Innovation and Management”.
In terms of research, Thomas is, particularly, interested in “keeping the Internet connected”, even when faced with the immense influx of “new devices” and “new uses”. Thus, his work has emphasized development of algorithms, protocols, and architectures for the (immodestly) termed “future internet”: the Internet of Things (IoT), personal-area networks (PANs), ubiquitous networks, rendering the current Internet routing more “robust” and “adaptive”, as well as for securely supporting new services across the Internet. Thomas has authored more than 100 peer-reviewed academic publications, which have attracted more than 16000 citations.
With a particular affinity for “applicable research”, Thomas remains an active contributor to standardisation. He served as co-chair of the MANET AUTOCONF working group from 2005 until its closure in 2012, within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – the international standardization body behind the Internet and behind protocols such as TCP/IP, HTTP etc. Also within the IETF, he has served on the Routing Area Directorate, an advisory group of routing experts providing final document reviews as part of the standardization process, as well as other expert advice on routing-related topics. Thomas has authored, edited, and contributed substantially to 24 published IETF standards. He has also consulted for the development of IEEE 802.11s, as well as contributed the routing portions of the recently ratified ITU-T standard G.9903 for G3-PLC networks – the international standard upon which, e.g., the SmartGrid/ConnectedEnergy initiatives are built.
Thomas maintains long-standing formal industrial research collaborations with, e.g., Hitachi (Japan), Fujitsu (USA), Toyota (Japan), Qualcomm (USA), EDF (France), ERDF (France), and Sagemcom (France). He also maintains close collaborative relations with peers in industry, including BAE Systems (UK), Cisco Systems (USA & France), and Alcatel-Lucent (France). He was involved in the ADEME “SOGrid” project, on the future French national “Smart Grid”. Thomas holds the Cisco endowed “Internet of Everything” academic chaire at Ecole Polytechnique.
Thomas is a senior member of the IEEE, and was named an “IEEE Computer Society Distinguished Contributor”, as part of the inaugural 2021 class.
Latest Posts Mentioning Thomas
Welcome to Stan & Guillaume
Seems about the time to officially welcome Stanislas Lucinski and Guillaume Brochot — who will be joining Maxence as PhD students in the team. Maxence, as a 2nd year PhD student, is working on content distribution in dynamic systems,…
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Paper: MILCOM 2023 – An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems
I traveled last week to Boston (MA, USA) to attend the 2023 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) conference, which is the preeminent forum for innovative research applicable to all facets of military communications. The work I presented, developed in collaboration…
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2023 European Cyber Week and C&ESAR conference
I traveled to Rennes to attend the European Cyber Week, the European Forum for sovereign Cyberdefence and Cybersecurity. This forum gathers European military personnel, industries, and academics, around numerous stands, keynotes, sessions on organization and politics of cybersecurity, and two…
Read more
Posted in Alexandre Poirrier, Conference, Cybersec, PhDstudents, Thomas Clausen, Uncategorized
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Thomas’ Publications
2025
Poirrier, Alexandre; Cailleux, Laurent; Clausen, Thomas
Building a Zero Trust Federation Journal Article Forthcoming
In: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) Special Issue on Zero Trust for Next-Generation Networking, Forthcoming.
@article{JSAC2025,
title = {Building a Zero Trust Federation},
author = {Alexandre Poirrier and Laurent Cailleux and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-04-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) Special Issue on Zero Trust for Next-Generation Networking},
abstract = {Zero trust is a security paradigm whose fundamental philosophy is that every access to a resource must be explicitly verified, without assuming trust based on origin or identity. In a federated environment composed of multiple domains, ensuring zero trust guarantees for accessing shared resources is a challenge, as information on requesters is generated by their originating domain, yet requires explicit verification from the domain owning the resource. This paper proposes a method for federating zero trust architectures, ensuring the preservation of zero trust guarantees when accessing federated resources. The proposed approach relies on remote attestation, enabling continuous authentication and monitoring of requesters, without requiring intrusive software installations on every device within the federation. Moreover, this paper proposes a proof-of-concept architecture that combines several open-source products, to build an architecture with advanced zero trust maturity level. The feasibility of the proposed federation method is demonstrated through this proof-of-concept, providing detailed information on the federation procedure and its implementation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {article}
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Zero trust is a security paradigm whose fundamental philosophy is that every access to a resource must be explicitly verified, without assuming trust based on origin or identity. In a federated environment composed of multiple domains, ensuring zero trust guarantees for accessing shared resources is a challenge, as information on requesters is generated by their originating domain, yet requires explicit verification from the domain owning the resource. This paper proposes a method for federating zero trust architectures, ensuring the preservation of zero trust guarantees when accessing federated resources. The proposed approach relies on remote attestation, enabling continuous authentication and monitoring of requesters, without requiring intrusive software installations on every device within the federation. Moreover, this paper proposes a proof-of-concept architecture that combines several open-source products, to build an architecture with advanced zero trust maturity level. The feasibility of the proposed federation method is demonstrated through this proof-of-concept, providing detailed information on the federation procedure and its implementation.
Poirrier, Alexandre; Cailleux, Laurent; Clausen, Thomas
Is Trust Misplaced? A Zero Trust Survey Journal Article Forthcoming
In: Proceedings of the IEEE, Forthcoming.
@article{PoIEEE2025,
title = {Is Trust Misplaced? A Zero Trust Survey},
author = {Alexandre Poirrier and Laurent Cailleux and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-04-01},
urldate = {2025-04-01},
journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
abstract = {Information Technologies (IT) security has been, and largely is, based on compartmentalization. To implement compartmentalization, system access privileges are granted depending on the topological location of systems, grouped into perimeters, with network mechanisms (firewalls, VLANs, ...) enforcing isolation between perimeters, thus implicitly trusting systems based on their location.
However, history has shown that such trust is misplaced. This has led to the emergence of an alternative paradigm, called zero trust. After contextualizing the history of IT technologies and the emergence of zero trust for securing networks, this survey presents a taxonomy of zero trust models and architectures, summarizing the goals and core principles of zero trust. Furthermore, an in-depth description of state-of-the-art technologies and methods, for transforming perimeter-based architectures to mature zero trust architectures, is provided.
This survey presents a formalization of zero trust, and of optimal zero trust architectures, to which traditional architectures migrate, as well as a method for positioning migrating architectures relative to this ideal of zero trust, with as purpose to enable a clearer understanding of the benefits and risks induced by a migration to zero trust.
Finally, this survey analyses the benefits, and drawbacks, of zero trust, focusing on the security properties granted by zero trust, as well as the vulnerabilities introduced.},
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pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {article}
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Information Technologies (IT) security has been, and largely is, based on compartmentalization. To implement compartmentalization, system access privileges are granted depending on the topological location of systems, grouped into perimeters, with network mechanisms (firewalls, VLANs, ...) enforcing isolation between perimeters, thus implicitly trusting systems based on their location.
However, history has shown that such trust is misplaced. This has led to the emergence of an alternative paradigm, called zero trust. After contextualizing the history of IT technologies and the emergence of zero trust for securing networks, this survey presents a taxonomy of zero trust models and architectures, summarizing the goals and core principles of zero trust. Furthermore, an in-depth description of state-of-the-art technologies and methods, for transforming perimeter-based architectures to mature zero trust architectures, is provided.
This survey presents a formalization of zero trust, and of optimal zero trust architectures, to which traditional architectures migrate, as well as a method for positioning migrating architectures relative to this ideal of zero trust, with as purpose to enable a clearer understanding of the benefits and risks induced by a migration to zero trust.
Finally, this survey analyses the benefits, and drawbacks, of zero trust, focusing on the security properties granted by zero trust, as well as the vulnerabilities introduced.
However, history has shown that such trust is misplaced. This has led to the emergence of an alternative paradigm, called zero trust. After contextualizing the history of IT technologies and the emergence of zero trust for securing networks, this survey presents a taxonomy of zero trust models and architectures, summarizing the goals and core principles of zero trust. Furthermore, an in-depth description of state-of-the-art technologies and methods, for transforming perimeter-based architectures to mature zero trust architectures, is provided.
This survey presents a formalization of zero trust, and of optimal zero trust architectures, to which traditional architectures migrate, as well as a method for positioning migrating architectures relative to this ideal of zero trust, with as purpose to enable a clearer understanding of the benefits and risks induced by a migration to zero trust.
Finally, this survey analyses the benefits, and drawbacks, of zero trust, focusing on the security properties granted by zero trust, as well as the vulnerabilities introduced.
2023
Feltin, Thomas; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Clausen, Thomas; Brockners, Frank
Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data Proceedings Article
In: Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023, IEEE, 2023.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{nokey,
title = {Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen and Frank Brockners},
url = {https://www.epizeuxis.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2023009866.pdf},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-08},
urldate = {2023-05-08},
booktitle = {Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.
Feltin, Thomas; Marché, Léo; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Brockners, Frank; Clausen, Thomas
DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge Journal Article
In: IEEE Access, 2023, ISSN: 2169-3536.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Constrained Networks, Optimisation
@article{nokey,
title = {DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Léo Marché and Juan Antonio Cordero and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10042405},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3244497},
issn = {2169-3536},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-13},
urldate = {2023-02-13},
journal = {IEEE Access},
abstract = {Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Constrained Networks, Optimisation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.
Poirrier, Alexandre; Cailleux, Laurent; Clausen, Thomas
An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems Proceedings Article
In: MILCOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), pp. 405-410, 2023.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Military communication;Computer architecture;Zero Trust;Privacy-invasive software;Federation;Internet of Military Things;Software-Defined Perimeters;Zero Trust
@inproceedings{10356247,
title = {An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems},
author = {Alexandre Poirrier and Laurent Cailleux and Thomas Clausen},
doi = {10.1109/MILCOM58377.2023.10356247},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
booktitle = {MILCOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)},
pages = {405-410},
keywords = {Military communication;Computer architecture;Zero Trust;Privacy-invasive software;Federation;Internet of Military Things;Software-Defined Perimeters;Zero Trust},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
2022
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2022, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring
@article{nokeyi,
title = {Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9852806},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2022.3197130},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2022-12-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2022, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring
@article{nokeyib,
title = {Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9852806},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2022.3197130},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2022-12-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions Best Paper Proceedings Article
In: 30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022), 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Management
@inproceedings{nokeyg,
title = {Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11385},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-18},
urldate = {2022-10-18},
booktitle = {30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022)},
abstract = {Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.
Yao, Zhiyuan; Ding, Zihan; Clausen, Thomas
Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center Proceedings Article
In: 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22), 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{nokeyh,
title = {Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhiyuan_Yao13/publication/358163217_Multi-Agent_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Network_Load_Balancing_in_Data_Center/links/62fe5fd3e3c7de4c34666311/Multi-Agent-Reinforcement-Learning-for-Network-Load-Balancing-in-Data-Center.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3511808.3557133},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-17},
urldate = {2022-10-17},
booktitle = {31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22)},
abstract = {This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.
Clausen, Thomas; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Oustry, Antoine; Vanier, Sonia; Xu, Liding
Optimization in Wireless Networks Book Chapter
In: Prokopyev, Oleg A. (Ed.): Springer, Encyclopedia of Optimization, 3rd edition, 2022.
BibTeX | Tags: Optimisation, Wireless
@inbook{nokey,
title = {Optimization in Wireless Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Antoine Oustry and Sonia Vanier and Liding Xu},
editor = {Oleg A. Prokopyev},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-25},
urldate = {2022-07-25},
publisher = {Springer},
edition = {Encyclopedia of Optimization, 3rd edition},
keywords = {Optimisation, Wireless},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Clausen, Thomas
HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2022, ISSN: 1558-2566.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@article{nokey,
title = {HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2022.3177163},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-05},
urldate = {2022-06-05},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
abstract = {The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.
2021
Yao, Zhiyuan; Ding, Zihan; Clausen, Thomas
Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{yao2021reinforced,
title = {Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2111.00008-1.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021)},
abstract = {Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@inproceedings{yao2021intelligent,
title = {Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.15788.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.
Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@inproceedings{yao2021intelligentb,
title = {Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.15788.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.
Rizzi, Carmine; Yao, Zhiyuan; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{rizzi2021charonb,
title = {Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4},
author = {Carmine Rizzi and Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.14389.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),},
abstract = {Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.
Hawari, Mohammed; Clausen, Thomas
OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field Proceedings Article
In: 2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 137-142, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@inproceedings{Hawari2021,
title = {OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/paper.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICOIN50884.2021.9333927},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-13},
booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)},
pages = {137-142},
abstract = {Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
2020
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Enguehard, Marcel; Clausen, Thomas
Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, load balancing, segment routing
@article{Desmouceaux2020,
title = {Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Marcel Enguehard and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.epizeuxis.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Joint-Monitorless-Load-Balancing-and-Autoscaling-for-Zero-Wait-Time-in-Data-Centers.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2020.3045059},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-12-31},
urldate = {2020-12-31},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This paper introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscal- ing and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to- ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, load balancing, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This paper introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscal- ing and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to- ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.
Feltin, Thomas; Foroughi, Parisa; Shao, Wenqin; Brockners, Frank; Clausen, Thomas
Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description Proceedings Article
In: NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pp. 1-6, 2020, ISBN: 2374-9709.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: contextual information, cross-entropy based metric, data analysis, data behavior, data structures, Decision support, explanation, explanation process, feature selection, large-scale networks, model driven telemetry, Network Management, network telemetry event description, real-time systems, Selection process, semantic feature selection, telemetry, telemetry data structure
@inproceedings{Feltin2020,
title = {Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Parisa Foroughi and Wenqin Shao and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AnNet20201-1.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NOMS47738.2020.9110382},
isbn = {2374-9709},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-20},
booktitle = {NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium},
pages = {1-6},
abstract = {Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.},
keywords = {contextual information, cross-entropy based metric, data analysis, data behavior, data structures, Decision support, explanation, explanation process, feature selection, large-scale networks, model driven telemetry, Network Management, network telemetry event description, real-time systems, Selection process, semantic feature selection, telemetry, telemetry data structure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.
Hawari, Mohammed; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Clausen, Thomas
High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp. 1-15, 2020, ISSN: 1558-2566.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Infrastructure for Big Data, Packet Pacing
@article{9130915,
title = {High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-IEEE-TNET-High-Accuracy-Packet-Pacing-on-Commodity-Servers-for-Constant-Rate-Flows.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2020.3001672},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.},
keywords = {Infrastructure for Big Data, Packet Pacing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.
2019
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Clausen, Thomas
Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2019, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: B.I.E.R., Broadcast, Chaire Cisco, Multicast, Reliable Content Distribution
@article{Desmouceaux2019,
title = {Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Reliable-B.I.E.R.-with-Peer-Caching.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2019.2950158},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.},
keywords = {B.I.E.R., Broadcast, Chaire Cisco, Multicast, Reliable Content Distribution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
2018
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, segment routing
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2018e,
title = {Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Zero-Loss-Virtual-Machine-Migration-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM},
abstract = {With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
Toussaint, Arthur; Hawari, Mohammed; Clausen, Thomas
Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video Book Section
In: In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Linux, Network Greedy Applications, Performance
@incollection{Toussaint2018,
title = {Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video},
author = {Arthur Toussaint and Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CNSM-HipNet-Toussaint-et.-al.-Chasing-Linux-Jutter-Sources-for-Uncompressed-Video.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)},
abstract = {Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Linux, Network Greedy Applications, Performance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.
Pit--Claudel, Benoit; Desmouceaux, Yoann; Pfister, Pierre; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, load balancing, NetFPGA, segment routing
@inproceedings{Pit--Claudel2018,
title = {Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4},
author = {Benoit Pit--Claudel and Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/en/p4eu-2018/},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-24},
publisher = {1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU)},
abstract = {Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, load balancing, NetFPGA, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
Clausen, Thomas; YI, Jiazi; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Igarashi, Yuichi
Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols Journal Article
In: Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 73, pp. 51-64, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng, MANET, Reactive, Routing
@article{Clausen2018unidirectional,
title = {Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi YI and Juan Antonio Cordero and Yuichi Igarashi},
url = {https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1570870518300325/1-s2.0-S1570870518300325-main.pdf?_tid=0b7f4a7e-b489-4317-b96c-f18cec2af56f&acdnat=1520779362_84dbf04f92cfc3c7ef2448f3b4c3ebf7},
doi = {10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.02.004},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
journal = {Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks},
volume = {73},
pages = {51-64},
abstract = {In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng, MANET, Reactive, Routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Toubaline, Sonia; Clausen, Thomas
Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers Journal Article
In: Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data
@article{Desmouceaux2018a,
title = {Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Sonia Toubaline and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5?author_access_token=qm_40d91CsNLlZ_vZ0tZFPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4xSrvbLplDMLQ3AN9vWEoUIxtZAIdnOGAzJH5W3YOrbGteOLvaEXsEE1xFv66lVxTKlL40BAS25fsaLf8w1RJAvY69owHWqhJkTmAZpvdCkQ%3D%3D
https://www.epizeuxis.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/jons-2018.pdf},
doi = {10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-10},
journal = {Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS)},
abstract = {In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Clausen, Thomas; Cordero, Juan Antonio; Townsley, Mark
Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R. Journal Article
In: IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 182-197, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: B.I.E.R., Broadcast, Chaire Cisco, Internet Broadcast, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, Reliable Content Distribution
@article{Desmouceaux0000,
title = {Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R.},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley },
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/jcn-2018.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-28},
urldate = {2018-02-28},
journal = {IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {182-197},
abstract = {Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.},
keywords = {B.I.E.R., Broadcast, Chaire Cisco, Internet Broadcast, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, Reliable Content Distribution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Pfister, Pierre; Tollet, Jérôme; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 819-834, 2018, ISSN: 1063-6692.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, Scalability, segment routing
@article{Desmouceaux2018,
title = {6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jérôme Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018-IEEE-Transactions-on-Networking-6LB-Scalable-and-Application-Aware-Load-Balancing-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2018.2799242},
issn = {1063-6692},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-15},
urldate = {2018-02-15},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {819-834},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, Scalability, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
2017
Clausen, Thomas; Yi, Jiazi; Herberg, Ulrich
Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability Journal Article
In: Computer Networks, vol. 126, pp. 125-140, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng
@article{clausen2017lightweight,
title = {Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2017-Computer-Networks-Lightweight-On-demand-Ad-hoc-Distance-vector-Routing-Next-Generation-LOADng.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.025},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-10-24},
journal = {Computer Networks},
volume = {126},
pages = {125-140},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.
Desmouceaux, Yoann; Pfister, Pierre; Tollet, Jerome; Townsley, Mark; Clausen, Thomas
SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, segment routing
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2017b,
title = {SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jerome Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/camera-ready-ieeepdfexpress.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-05},
urldate = {2017-06-05},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Clausen, Thomas; Herberg, Ulrich; Yi, Jiazi
RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security
@misc{rfc8116,
title = {RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/rfc8116.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
Clausen, Thomas; Herberg, Ulrich; Yi, Jiazi
Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@misc{RFC8116b,
title = {Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8116.txt},
doi = {10.17487/RFC8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
2016
Clausen, Thomas; Yi, Jiazi; Herberg, Ulrich
RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7985, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: MANET, MESH, RFC, Security, SMF, SMF Security
@misc{RFC7985,
title = {RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/rfc7985.txt.pdf},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/RFC7985},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-02},
abstract = {This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7985},
keywords = {MANET, MESH, RFC, Security, SMF, SMF Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)
Augustin, Aloys; Yi, Jiazi; Clausen, Thomas; Townsley, Mark
A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things Journal Article
In: MDPI Sensors, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1466, 2016, ISSN: 1424-8220, ((5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, IoT, LLN, LoRA, LPWAN, Sensor Networks
@article{Augustin2016,
title = {A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things},
author = {Aloys Augustin and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Mark Townsley},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/2016-a-study-of-lora-long-range-low-power-networks-for-the-internet-of-things/},
doi = {10.3390/s16091466},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-09},
journal = {MDPI Sensors},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {1466},
abstract = {LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.},
note = {(5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, IoT, LLN, LoRA, LPWAN, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.
Herberg, Ulrich; Cole, Robert G.; Chakeres, Ian; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, MIB, Network Management, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC
@misc{RFC7939,
title = {RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert G. Cole and Ian Chakeres and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RFC7939.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc7939},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
number = {7939},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, MIB, Network Management, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.
2015
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Experimental RFC 7722, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC
@misc{RFC7722,
title = {RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7722.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7722},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-31},
abstract = {This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.},
howpublished = {IETF - Experimental RFC 7722},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.
Clausen, Thomas; Dearlove, Christopher
RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7631,
title = {RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7631.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7631},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
abstract = {This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.
Yi, Jiazi; Clausen, Thomas; Herberg, Ulrich
Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application Journal Article
In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 2015, no. 06, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DFF, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Smart Grid, SOGRID
@article{Yi2015,
title = {Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2015-IEEE-Internet-of-Things-Journal-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Unreliable-Networks-Extensions-and-Applications.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2015.2409892},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-05-25},
journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
volume = {2015},
number = {06},
abstract = {his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.},
keywords = {DFF, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Smart Grid, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7466,
title = {RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7466.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7466},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-03-01},
abstract = {The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 7722, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@misc{RFC7722b,
title = {Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7722.txt},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7722},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
number = {7722},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension.},
howpublished = {RFC 7722},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension.
2014
Clausen, Thomas; Dearlove, Christopher; Jacquet, Philippe; Herberg, Ulrich
RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7181,
title = {RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Philippe Jacquet and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7181.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7181},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).
Herberg, Ulrich; Clausen, Thomas; Dearlove, Christopher
RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7182,
title = {RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7182.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7182},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.
Herberg, Ulrich; Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security
@misc{RFC7183,
title = {RFC7183: Integrity Protection for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://epizeuxis.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7183.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7183},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.
Herberg, Ulrich; Cole, Robert G.; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, Network Management, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7184,
title = {RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert G. Cole and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7184.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7184},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, Network Management, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas; Jacquet, Philippe
RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7185, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, MESH, Metrics, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7185,
title = {RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7185.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7185},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7185},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, MESH, Metrics, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.
Yi, Jiazi; Herberg, Ulrich; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7186, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MESH, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security, Standard
@misc{RFC7186,
title = {RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7186.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7186},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7186},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186},
keywords = {IETF, MESH, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7187,
title = {RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7187.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7187},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.
Dearlove, Christopher; Clausen, Thomas
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2014b,
title = {RFC7188: Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) and MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Extension TLVs},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7188.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7188},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).
Yi, Jiazi; Clausen, Thomas
Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Journal Article
In: Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2014, no. Article ID 352421, pp. 12, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LLN, LOADng, MESH, Smart Grid, SOGRID
@article{Yi2014,
title = {Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
editor = {Christos Verikoukis},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-Hindawi-International-Journal-of-Distributed-Sensor-Networks-Collection-Tree-Extension-of-LOADng-Protocol-for-Low-power-and-Lossy-Networks.pdf},
doi = {doi:10.1155/2014/352421},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-25},
journal = {Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks},
volume = {2014},
number = {Article ID 352421},
pages = {12},
abstract = {This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.},
keywords = {LLN, LOADng, MESH, Smart Grid, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.
Yi, Jiazi; Clausen, Thomas; Herberg, Ulrich
Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Sensor Networks, Smart Grid, SOGRID
@inproceedings{LIX-NET-conference-153,
title = {Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-IEEE-WF-IoT-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-Application-and-Extension.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803211},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014},
abstract = {Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Sensor Networks, Smart Grid, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.
Cordero, Juan Antonio; Yi, Jiazi; Clausen, Thomas
An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 14440, 2014, ISSN: 1424-8220, (http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Jitter, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Sensor Networks, Smart Grid
@article{s140814440,
title = {An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-MDPI-Sensors-An-Adaptive-Jitter-Mechanism-for-Reactive-Route-Discovery-in-Sensor-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.3390/s140814440},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {14440},
abstract = {This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.},
note = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440},
keywords = {Jitter, LLN, LOADng, MESH, Sensor Networks, Smart Grid},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.